Kaunas, Lithuania, being a hidden gem of the 20th century underwent a drastic transformation, particularly during the interwar period from 1919 to 1939. This era broke the traditional norms and marked Kaunas’s history by involving the modernist design principles that create history by transforming the cityscape creating an identity for the city.
Evolution of architecture in Kaunas City:
Following Lithuania’s 1918 independence from Russia, Kaunas City served as the country’s interim capital in 1920.This crucial time gave way to reviving the national identity and the revival of the culture. This period and the place being the heart of the political and cultural hub has become the right time to experiment and explore more innovative architectural practices, urban planning, construction and artistic expression. The architects in this period have shifted from historical touch to modernism to favour functionality, simplicity, and practicality and to incorporate technological advancement. Initially, historicism was dominated by the Kaunas architectural style where they used classical and intricate ornamental details connecting with European architectural practices. One of the perfect examples of this style is the Lithuanian Bank Building and the Central Post Office which exhibit intricate facades and neoclassical features. And then in the 1920s it slowly shifted towards modern and functional practices. The Bauhaus school’s broader European architectural style influenced this transition.
Architectural Marvels in Kaunas City:
- Vytautas the Great War Museum:
One of the most remarkable architectural structures of Kaunas is the Vytautas the Great War Museum designed by architect Vladimiras Dubeneckis completed in 1933. This monumental structure is an integration of modernist elements with classical motifs symbolising Lithuania’s military history and national pride. The museum’s imposing façade, bold geometric shapes, horizontal lines and large windows for letting the natural light inside the building are perfect examples of the interwar architectural movement’s fusion of form and function.
2. The Kaunass Fortress: A cultural rebirth:
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Another prominent landmark is the Kaunas Fortress, a radiating complex that experienced transformation during the interwar period. The structure was originally built as a defensive wall, but the fortress was revived into a cultural activity hub, housing theatres, museums and educational institutions. This adaptive reuse exhibits the city’s commitment towards preserving historical heritage while adopting modernity.
3. The White City:
Kaunas became known as “The White City” because so many of the modernist buildings dominating its skyline were painted white. This design decision was not just ornamental; rather, it was a purposeful declaration of optimism, advancement, and purity. The consistency of colour emphasised the architects’ shared vision and represented the goals of a country redefining itself.
4. The M. K. Čiurlionis National Museum of Art:
Functionalist principles are embodied in the design of Vytautas Landsbergis-Žemkalnis’ M. K. Čiurlionis National Museum of Art. This museum emphasises efficiency and usefulness while blending in seamlessly with its surroundings. A break from conventional architectural norms is highlighted by the museum’s exterior’s simple lines and sparse ornamentation, which herald a new era in design.
5. Kaunas Sports Hall:
Designed by the architect Anatolijus Rozenblimas, the sports hall is the earliest example of reinforced concrete construction in Lithuania. The International Style’s influence and the growing significance of recreational facilities in urban planning are reflected in the sleek, curved façade and open interior spaces.
Urban planning in Kaunas:
During the interwar period, the Kaunas incorporated functionalism not only in the buildings but also on an urban scale level. The landscape of the city, neighbourhood, public buildings and infrastructure projects transform the whole cityscape. Among the well-known urban planners and architects of this era is Vytautas Landsbergis-Žemkalnis. He played a vital role in structuring the city. His planning emphasised incorporating green spaces, transportation networks and functional zoning. His planning always balanced the urban development and natural preservation thus creating a master plan including the parks, gardens, boulevards etc. The Žaliakalnis neighbourhood developed in the 1920s and 1930s is a creation of a residential hub. This neighbourhood consists of a mix of single-family homes and apartment buildings with simple geometric forms, flat roofs and large windows. This planning also included the green pockets and pedestrian lanes establishing a peaceful hub that adheres to the principles of functionalist urban design.
Preservation and Legacy:
Kaunas has worked hard to protect its architectural legacy despite historical upheavals and the passage of time. The many interwar structures that have been restored to their original grandeur offer a window into the city’s colourful past. Through architectural tours and exhibitions, Kaunas’ modernist legacy is honoured, ensuring that these iconic buildings will continue to inspire future generations.
Finally, Kaunas serves as a living example of the revolutionary potential of interwar architecture. The architectural development of the city is a result of the interaction of artistic vision, historical context, and social goals. Through examining the architectural legacy of Kaunas, we can acquire a deeper understanding of the modernist story and how it continues to shape urban design. Kaunas is still a fascinating case study that illustrates how tradition and innovation can coexist to shape the built environment, making it an invaluable resource for historians, architects, and enthusiasts alike.
References :
- World, U. (2018). Modernist Kaunas: Architecture of Optimism, 1919-1939. [online] Unesco.org. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1661/ [Accessed 16 July. 2024].
- visit.kaunas.lt. (n.d.). Interwar architecture. [online] Available at: https://visit.kaunas.lt/en/see-and-do/sights/interwar-architecture/ [Accessed 16 July. 2024].
- kami (2019). Guide to Impressive Modernist Architecture in Kaunas, Lithuania. [online] Kami and the Rest of the World. Available at: https://www.mywanderlust.pl/modernist-architecture-in-kaunas-lithuania/.
- Google Arts & Culture. (n.d.). Modernist Kaunas: Architecture of Optimism, 1919-1939, Lithuania. [online] Available at: https://artsandculture.google.com/story/modernist-kaunas-architecture-of-optimism-1919-1939-lithuania-unesco/lwVhCwNnMHCqwQ?hl=en [Accessed 16 July. 2024].
