Architecture is more than just skylines and big structures; it is a material representation of a society’s values, aspirations, and anxieties. Buildings act as a mirror, reflecting society’s current norms, desires, and fears. They are a means to understand the social, economic, and political organisation of a community. From magnificent temples to modern sleek skyscrapers, each built environment tells a story- a story written in stone, steel, and glass. This article sheds light on how architecture is a powerful reflection of societal values, demonstrating how it has adapted and evolved to mirror movements like sustainability, inclusivity, and technological advancements.
Architecture as a Symbol of Power
Through the ages, architecture has been directly linked to a powerful way to showcase grandeur and status. The Red Fort in Delhi to mighty forts in Rajasthan are not just feats of engineering, they are potent symbols of imperial strength, designed to impress and intimidate. These structures convey the absolute authority of the ruling class and reinforce the existing social hierarchy. Likewise, Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur and Virupaksha Temple in Hampi are examples of structures that are not only merely places of worship but also powerful statements about the spiritual and political center of gravity within society.
Reflecting Industrialisation and Social Change
The impact of industrialization and social change on architecture in India, is a tale of colonial influence, the adoption of new technologies, and the struggle to define a modern Indian identity through built form. The focus shifted from grand, imposing structures to buildings that served the needs of the emerging population. The 19th century saw the emergence of new building types, factories, railway stations, and department stores, reflecting the changing economic landscape and the rise of mass production that often prioritised functionality over aesthetics.
Modernism and the Search for a New Aesthetic
Modernism in Indian architecture was a significant movement that emerged in the 20th century, particularly after India’s independence in 1947, it marked a departure from traditional Indian architectural practices, embracing new styles, materials, forms, and ideas inspired by the West. This shift was not only functionally driven but also heavily aspirational, reflecting the needs and wants of a rapidly developing nation. Use of modern building materials like steel, concrete, and glass were introduced which were celebrated for their unique properties and stunning visual effects. Influential architects like Le Corbusier, Charles Correa, Achyut Kanvinde, and B.V. Doshi had a significant impact on Indian modernism. Their combined influence significantly altered India’s architectural landscape, blending international modernist principles with local sensibilities and needs.
The Rise of Sustainability and Inclusivity
In recent decades, due to rapid urbanisation, population growth, and increasing energy demands led to growing awareness of environmental issues in India. The rise of the sustainability movement has led to a renewed focus on energy efficiency, the use of sustainable materials, and the creation of buildings that minimise their carbon footprint. Green building practices like passive designing, the use of efficient energy materials, the incorporation of solar panels, and the creation of green spaces have become increasingly common. Initiatives like Green Building Policy, Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBE), and Green Building Rating System, were implemented to encourage the adoption of sustainable practices in India.
Alongside sustainability, inclusivity has become a key consideration in contemporary architecture. There was a realisation that buildings should be designed to be more accessible to everyone, regardless of their physical abilities. Designs focusing on community engagement and creating environments that are responsive to diverse populations. Universal design principles, that prioritise accessibility and usability for all, are now being incorporated into building codes and regulations.
The rise of sustainability and inclusivity in Indian architecture is a positive trend that is shaping the future of the built environment. Pioneers like Gopal Shankar, Ashok B Lall, Revati Kamat, and Anupama Kundoo advocate for inclusive designs and sustainable architecture, creating spaces that promote universal accessibility and are sensitive to the local context. It’s an exciting time for the field of sustainability and inclusivity, with a growing recognition of the importance of creating built environments that are both environmentally responsible and socially equitable.
Technology and the Future of Architecture
Furthermore, technology has had a profound impact on architecture. From advanced Building Information Modelling software to automated building systems, integration of technology into architecture has allowed architects and engineers to create complex building models and simulate structures’ performance before and after they are built. All this integration is not only making buildings more efficient but also creating spaces that are more responsive to the needs of their user.
As technology and techniques continue to advance, many challenges get addressed in the process. With the facilitation of affordable housing through innovative methods such as prefabricated construction, 3D printing, and the utilisation of micro-financing and crowdfunding platforms, a significant transformation is underway. Even the urbanisation crisis is finding its resolve through smart city technologies, sustainable urban planning, and digital infrastructure. By embracing technology and addressing the unique challenges and opportunities in the Indian context, architects can play a crucial role in creating a sustainable, inclusive, and culturally rich built environment for future generations.
To conclude, architecture stands as a powerful storyteller, connecting values, beliefs, cultural expressions, and aspirations of the society that birthed it. An era can be examined by the choices made in its built environment designs, materials, and spatial organisation. Architecture serves as a living archive, preserving the stories of generations past and offering a glimpse into the values that will shape the world to come. Therefore, understanding architecture is not just about appreciating aesthetics; it’s about decoding the tacit narratives intricately carved in marble and steel, narratives that illuminate the very core of human civilization.
